Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011 jc.2011-0385
PMID: 21646368
doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-0385
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Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Michael F. Holick, Neil C. Binkley, Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari, Catherine M. Gordon, David A. Hanley, Robert P. Heaney, M. Hassan Murad and Connie M. Weaver
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Author Affiliations
. Boston University School of Medicine (M.F.H.), Boston, Massachusetts 02118; University of Wisconsin (N.C.B.), Madison, Wisconsin 53706; University Hospital Zurich (H.A.B.-F.), CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Hospital Boston (C.M.G.), Boston, Massachusetts 02115; University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine (D.A.H.), Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4; Creighton University (R.P.H.), Omaha, Nebraska 68178; Mayo Clinic (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and Purdue University (C.M.W.), West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
. Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: The Endocrine Society, 8401 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 900, Chevy Chase, MD 20815. E-mail: govt-prof@endo-society.org, Telephone: 301-941-0200. Address all commercial reprint requests for orders 101 and more to: Walchli Tauber Group Inc. E-mail:Karen.burkhardt@wt-group.com. Address all reprint requests for orders for 100 or fewer to Society Services, Telephone: 301-941-0210, E-mail: societyservices@endo-society.org, or Fax: 301-941-0257.
Author Affiliations
Abstract
Objective: The objective was to provide guidelines to clinicians for the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency with an emphasis on the care of patients who are at risk for deficiency.
Participants: The Task Force was composed of a Chair, six additional experts, and a methodologist. The Task Force received no corporate funding or remuneration.
Consensus Process: Consensus was guided by systematic reviews of evidence and discussions during several conference calls and e-mail communications. The draft prepared by the Task Force was reviewed successively by The Endocrine Society's Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee, Clinical Affairs Core Committee, and cosponsoring associations, and it was posted on The Endocrine Society web site for member review. At each stage of review, the Task Force received written comments and incorporated needed changes.
Objective: The objective was to provide guidelines to clinicians for the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency with an emphasis on the care of patients who are at risk for deficiency.
Participants: The Task Force was composed of a Chair, six additional experts, and a methodologist. The Task Force received no corporate funding or remuneration.
Consensus Process: Consensus was guided by systematic reviews of evidence and discussions during several conference calls and e-mail communications. The draft prepared by the Task Force was reviewed successively by The Endocrine Society's Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee, Clinical Affairs Core Committee, and cosponsoring associations, and it was posted on The Endocrine Society web site for member review. At each stage of review, the Task Force received written comments and incorporated needed changes.
Conclusions: Considering that vitamin D deficiency is very common in all age groups and that few foods contain vitamin D, the Task Force recommended supplementation at suggested daily intake and tolerable upper limit levels, depending on age and clinical circumstances. The Task Force also suggested the measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level by a reliable assay as the initial diagnostic test in patients at risk for deficiency. Treatment with either vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 was recommended for deficient patients. At the present time, there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening individuals who are not at risk for deficiency or to prescribe vitamin D to attain the noncalcemic benefit for cardiovascular protection.
Received February 14, 2011.
Accepted May 18, 2011.
Copyright © 2011 by The Endocrine Society